European Journal of Cancer
Volume 41, Issue 6 , Pages 825-833 , April 2005

Screening for prostate cancer

  • R. Postma

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    • Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +31 104088422; fax: +31 104089487
  • ,
  • F.H. Schröder

      Affiliations

    • Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Received 23 August 2004 ,Accepted 2 December 2004.

References 

  1. de Koning HJ, Liem MK, Baan CA, et al. Prostate cancer mortality reduction by screening: power and time frame with complete enrollment in the European Randomised Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) trial. Int J Cancer. 2002;98(2):268–273
  2. Wilson JM, Jungner YG. [Principles and practice of mass screening for disease] Principios y metodos del examen colectivo para identificar enfermedades. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1968;65(4):281–393
  3. <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/home/index.asp>; 2004 [visited 01.06.04]
  4. <http://www.nccn.org/physician_gls/f_guidelines.html>; 2004 [visited 01.04.04]
  5. Draisma G, Boer R, Otto SJ, et al. Lead times and overdetection due to prostate-specific antigen screening: estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(12):868–878
  6. McGregor M, Hanley JA, Boivin JF, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: estimating the magnitude of overdetection. CMAJ. 1998;159(11):1368–1372
  7. Siesling S, van Dijck JA, Visser O, et al. Trends in incidence of and mortality from cancer in The Netherlands in the period 1989–1998. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(17):2521–2530
  8. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54(1):8–29
  9. <http://www-dep.iarc.fr/globocan/globocan.html>; 2004 [visited 01.08.04]
  10. Albertsen PC, Hanley JA, Gleason DF, et al. Competing risk analysis of men aged 55 to 74 years at diagnosis managed conservatively for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280(11):975–980
  11. Sakr WA, Grignon DJ, Crissman JD, et al. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma between the ages of 20–69: an autopsy study of 249 cases. In Vivo. 1994;8(3):439–443
  12. Postma R, de Vries SH, Roobol MJ, et al. Incidence and follow-up of focal prostate cancer in two screening rounds after an interval of 4 years. Cancer 2005, published online 12 January 2005
  13. Johansson JE, Andren O, Andersson SO, et al. Natural history of early, localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2004;291(22):2713–2719
  14. Noguchi M, Stamey TA, McNeal JE, et al. Relationship between systematic biopsies and histological features of 222 radical prostatectomy specimens: lack of prediction of tumor significance for men with nonpalpable prostate cancer. J Urol. 2001;166(1):104–109[discussion 109–10]
  15. Narain V, Bianco FJ, Grignon DJ, et al. How accurately does prostate biopsy Gleason score predict pathologic findings and disease free survival?. Prostate. 2001;49(3):185–190
  16. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(15):909–916
  17. Catalona WJ, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, et al. Selection of optimal prostate specific antigen cut-offs for early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. J Urol. 1994;152(6 Pt 1):2037–2042
  18. Schröder FH, van der Cruijsen-Koeter I, de Koning HJ, et al. Prostate cancer detection at low prostate specific antigen. J Urol. 2000;163(3):806–812
  19. Schröder FH, van der Maas P, Beemsterboer P, et al. Evaluation of the digital rectal examination as a screening test for prostate cancer. Rotterdam section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(23):1817–1823
  20. Schröder FH, Roobol-Bouts M, Vis AN, et al. Prostate-specific antigen-based early detection of prostate cancer-validation of screening without rectal examination. Urology. 2001;57(1):83–90
  21. Krumholtz JS, Carvalhal GF, Ramos CG, et al. Prostate-specific antigen cut-off of 2.6ng/mL for prostate cancer screening is associated with favorable pathologic tumor features. Urology. 2002;60(3):469–473[discussion 473–4]
  22. Punglia RS, D’Amico AV, Catalona WJ, et al. Effect of verification bias on screening for prostate cancer by measurement of prostate-specific antigen. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(4):335–342
  23. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2239–2246
  24. Raaijmakers R, Blijenberg BG, Finlay JA, et al. Prostate cancer detection in the prostate specific antigen range of 2.0 to 3.9ng/ml: value of percent free prostate specific antigen on tumor detection and tumor aggressiveness. J Urol. 2004;171(6 Pt 1):2245–2249
  25. Franks LM. Latent carcinoma of the prostate. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1954;68(2):603–616
  26. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Wang TJ, et al. A precursor form of prostate-specific antigen is more highly elevated in prostate cancer compared with benign transition zone prostate tissue. Cancer Res. 2000;60(3):756–759
  27. Hoedemaeker RF, Rietbergen JB, Kranse R, et al. Comparison of pathologic characteristics of T1c and non-T1c cancers detected in a population-based screening study, the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. World J Urol. 1997;15(6):339–345
  28. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA. 1992;267(16):2215–2220
  29. Raaijmakers R, Wildhagen MF, Ito K, et al. Prostate-specific antigen change in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, section Rotterdam. Urology. 2004;63(2):316–320
  30. Roobol MJ, Kranse R, de Koning HJ, et al. Prostate-specific antigen velocity at low prostate-specific antigen levels as screening tool for prostate cancer: results of second screening round of ERSPC (ROTTERDAM). Urology. 2004;63(2):309–313[discussion 313–5]
  31. Paez A, Lujan M, Raaijmakers R, et al. Four-year prostate-specific antigen progression in the non-cancer population of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. BJU Int. 2003;92(Suppl 2):84–87
  32. Kranse R, Beemsterboer P, Rietbergen J, et al. Predictors for biopsy outcome in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (Rotterdam region). Prostate. 1999;39(4):316–322
  33. Postma R, Vries de SH, Roobol MJ, et al. inicidence and follow-up of focal prostate cancer in two screening rounds after an interval of 4 years. Cancer 2005, published online 12 January 2005
  34. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Wolfert RL, et al. Evaluation of percentage of free serum prostate-specific antigen to improve specificity of prostate cancer screening. JAMA. 1995;274(15):1214–1220
  35. Hugosson J, Aus G, Bergdahl S, et al. Population-based screening for prostate cancer by measuring free and total serum prostate-specific antigen in Sweden. BJU Int. 2003;92(Suppl 2):39–43
  36. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Wang TJ, et al. “BPSA”, a specific molecular form of free prostate-specific antigen, is found predominantly in the transition zone of patients with nodular benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2000;55(1):41–45
  37. Bangma CH, Wildhagen MF, Yurdakul G, et al. The value of (−7, −5)pro-prostate-specific antigen and human kallikrein-2 as serum markers for grading prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2004;93(6):720–724
  38. Roehrborn CG, Pickens GJ, Sanders JS. Diagnostic yield of repeated transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies stratified by specific histopathologic diagnoses and prostate specific antigen levels. Urology. 1996;47(3):347–352
  39. Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Sauvageot J, et al. Use of repeat sextant and transition zone biopsies for assessing extent of prostate cancer. J Urol. 1997;158(5):1886–1890
  40. Vashi AR, Wojno KJ, Gillespie B, et al. A model for the number of cores per prostate biopsy based on patient age and prostate gland volume. J Urol. 1998;159(3):920–924
  41. Postma R, Roobol MJ, Schröder FH, et al. Potentially advanced malignancies detected by screening for prostate carcinoma after an interval of 4 years. Cancer. 2004;100(5):968–975
  42. Postma R, Roobol MJ, Schröder FH, et al. Lesions predictive for prostate cancer in a screened population: first and second screening round findings. Prostate. 2004;61(3):260–266
  43. Quaglia A, Parodi S, Grosclaude P, et al. Differences in the epidemic rise and decrease of prostate cancer among geographical areas in Southern Europe. an analysis of differential trends in incidence and mortality in France, Italy and Spain. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(5):654–665
  44. Gronberg H. Prostate cancer epidemiology. Lancet. 2003;361(9360):859–864
  45. Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer-analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(2):78–85
  46. Bratt O. Hereditary prostate cancer: clinical aspects. J Urol. 2002;168(3):906–913
  47. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, et al. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(4):549–554
  48. Key TJ, Allen N, Appleby P, et al. Fruits and vegetables and prostate cancer: no association among 1104 cases in a prospective study of 130544 men in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 2004;109(1):119–124
  49. Platz EA, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, et al. Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(5):444–453
  50. Platz EA, De Marzo AM. Epidemiology of inflammation and prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004;171(2 Pt 2):S36–S40
  51. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Gonzalez-Perez A. Inverse association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(4):649–653
  52. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(3):215–224
  53. Parker C. Active surveillance: towards a new paradigm in the management of early prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(2):101–106
  54. Chu KC, Tarone RE, Freeman HP. Trends in prostate cancer mortality among black men and white men in the United States. Cancer. 2003;97(6):1507–1516
  55. Coldman AJ, Phillips N, Pickles TA. Trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality: an analysis of mortality change by screening intensity. CMAJ. 2003;168(1):31–35
  56. Labrie FCB, Cusan L, Gomez JL, et al. Screening decreases prostate cancer mortality: 11-year follow-up of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial. Prostate. 2004;59(3):311–318
  57. Boer R, Schröder FH. Quebec randomized controlled trial on prostate cancer screening shows no evidence for mortality reduction. Prostate. 1999;40(2):130–134
  58. Bartsch G, Horninger W, Klocker H, et al. Prostate cancer mortality after introduction of prostate-specific antigen mass screening in the Federal State of Tyrol, Austria. Urology. 2001;58(3):417–424
  59. Weinmann S, Richert-Boe K, Glass AG, et al. Prostate cancer screening and mortality: a case-control study (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(2):133–138
  60. Makinen T, Tammela TL, Hakama M, et al. Tumor characteristics in a population-based prostate cancer screening trial with prostate-specific antigen. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(7):2435–2439
  61. Hoedemaeker RF, Rietbergen JB, Kranse R, et al. Histopathological prostate cancer characteristics at radical prostatectomy after population based screening. J Urol. 2000;164(2):411–415
  62. Tornblom M, Eriksson H, Franzen S, et al. Lead time associated with screening for prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2004;108(1):122–129
  63. Villers A, Rebillard X, Soulie M, et al. [Prostate cancer screening] Depistage du cancer de la prostate. Prog Urol. 2003;13(2):209–214
  64. Miller DC, Hafez KS, Stewart A, et al. Prostate carcinoma presentation, diagnosis, and staging: an update form the National Cancer Data Base. Cancer. 2003;98(6):1169–1178
  65. Otto SJ, van der Cruijsen IW, Liem MK, et al. Effective PSA contamination in the Rotterdam section of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. Int J Cancer. 2003;105(3):394–399
  66. Schröder FH, Wildhagen MF. Screening for prostate cancer: evidence and perspectives. BJU Int. 2001;88(8):811–817
  67. Korfage IJ, Essink-Bot ML, Madalinska JB, et al. Measuring disease specific quality of life in localized prostate cancer: the Dutch experience. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(4):459–464
  68. Penson DF, Feng Z, Kuniyuki A, et al. General quality of life 2 years following treatment for prostate cancer: what influences outcomes? Results from the prostate cancer outcomes study. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(6):1147–1154
  69. Madalinska JB, Essink-Bot ML, de Koning HJ, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with screen-detected versus clinically diagnosed prostate cancer preceding primary treatment. Prostate. 2001;46(2):87–97
  70. Steineck G, Helgesen F, Adolfsson J, et al. Quality of life after radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(11):790–796
  71. Jani AB, Hellman S. Early prostate cancer: clinical decision-making. Lancet. 2003;361(9362):1045–1053
  72. Holmberg L, Bill-Axelson A, Helgesen F, et al. A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(11):781–789

PII: S0959-8049(05)00053-5

doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.12.029

European Journal of Cancer
Volume 41, Issue 6 , Pages 825-833 , April 2005