Cost-effectiveness of opportunistic versus organised mammography screening in Switzerland

Abstract 

Background

Various centralised mammography screening programmes have shown to reduce breast cancer mortality at reasonable costs. However, mammography screening is not necessarily cost-effective in every situation. Opportunistic screening, the predominant screening modality in several European countries, may under certain circumstances be a cost-effective alternative. In this study, we compared the cost-effectiveness of both screening modalities in Switzerland.

Methods

Using micro-simulation modelling, we predicted the effects and costs of biennial mammography screening for 50–69 years old women between 1999 and 2020, in the Swiss female population aged 30–70 in 1999. A sensitivity analysis on the test sensitivity of opportunistic screening was performed.

Results

Organised mammography screening with an 80% participation rate yielded a breast cancer mortality reduction of 13%. Twenty years after the start of screening, the predicted annual breast cancer mortality was 25% lower than in a situation without screening. The 3% discounted cost-effectiveness ratio of organised mammography screening was €11,512 per life year gained. Opportunistic screening with a similar participation rate was comparably effective, but at twice the costs: €22,671–24,707 per life year gained. This was mainly related to the high costs of opportunistic mammography and frequent use of imaging diagnostics in combination with an opportunistic mammogram.

Conclusion

Although data on the performance of opportunistic screening are limited, both opportunistic and organised mammography screening seem effective in reducing breast cancer mortality in Switzerland. However, for opportunistic screening to become equally cost-effective as organised screening, costs and use of additional diagnostics should be reduced.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Mammography, Mass screening, Opportunistic screening, Cost-benefit analysis, Cost-effectiveness, Breast cancer mortality, Computer simulation, Computer models