European Journal of Cancer
Volume 45, Issue 10 , Pages 1815-1823 , July 2009

Relapsed intracranial ependymoma in children in the UK: Patterns of relapse, survival and therapeutic outcome

  • B. Messahel

      Affiliations

    • Department of Paediatrics, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
  • ,
  • S. Ashley

      Affiliations

    • Department of Paediatrics, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
  • ,
  • F. Saran

      Affiliations

    • Department of Paediatrics, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
  • ,
  • D. Ellison

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
  • ,
  • J. Ironside

      Affiliations

    • Western General Hospital NHS Trust, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
  • ,
  • K. Phipps

      Affiliations

    • Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JN, UK
  • ,
  • T. Cox

      Affiliations

    • Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JN, UK
  • ,
  • W.K. Chong

      Affiliations

    • Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JN, UK
  • ,
  • K. Robinson

      Affiliations

    • Data Centre, UKCCSG, 9 Princess Road West, Leicester LE1, UK
  • ,
  • S. Picton

      Affiliations

    • Regional Paediatric Oncology Unit, St. James University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
  • ,
  • C.R. Pinkerton

      Affiliations

    • Director of Cancer Services, Mater Hospitals, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane OLD 4101, UK
  • ,
  • C. Mallucci

      Affiliations

    • The Walton Centre for Neurosurgery, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK
  • ,
  • D. Macarthur

      Affiliations

    • The Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
  • ,
  • T. Jaspan

      Affiliations

    • The Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
  • ,
  • A. Michalski

      Affiliations

    • Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JN, UK
  • ,
  • R.G. Grundy

      Affiliations

    • The Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, The Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Tel.: +44 (0)115 823 0620; fax: +44 (0)115 823 0696.
  • ,
  • On behalf of the Children’s Cancer Leukaemia Group Brain Tumour Committee

Received 21 November 2008 ,Revised 8 March 2009 ,Accepted 17 March 2009.

References 

  1. Goldwein JW, Glauser TA, Packer RJ, et al. Recurrent intracranial ependymomas in children. Survival, patterns of failure, and prognostic factors. Cancer. 1990;66(3):557–563
  2. Hodgson DC, Goumnerova LC, Loeffler JS, et al. Radiosurgery in the management of pediatric brain tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50(4):929–935
  3. Sandri A, Massimino M, Mastrodicasa L, et al. Treatment with oral etoposide for childhood recurrent ependymomas. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005;27(9):486–490
  4. Siffert J, Allen JC. Chemotherapy in recurrent ependymoma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1998;28(6):314–319
  5. Stafford S, Pollock B, Foote R, Gorman D, Nelson D, Schomberg P. Sterotactic radiosurgery for recurrent ependymoma. Cancer. 2000;88:870–875
  6. Grill J, Le Deley MC, Gambarelli D, et al. Postoperative chemotherapy without irradiation for ependymoma in children under 5 years of age: a multicenter trial of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(5):1288–1296
  7. Duffner PK, Horowitz ME, Krischer JP, et al. Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in children less than three years of age with malignant brain tumors. New Engl J Med. 1993;328(24):1725–1731
  8. Grundy RG, Wilne SA, Weston CL, et al. Primary postoperative chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial ependymoma in children: the UKCCSG/SIOP prospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(8):696–705
  9. Mulhern RK, Merchant TE, Gajjar A, Reddick WE, Kun LE. Late neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of brain tumours in childhood. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(7):399–408
  10. Robertson PL, Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, et al. Survival and prognostic factors following radiation therapy and chemotherapy for ependymomas in children: a report of the Children’s Cancer Group. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(4):695–703
  11. Nazar GB, Hoffman HJ, Becker LE, Jenkin D, Humphreys RP, Hendrick EB. Infratentorial ependymomas in childhood: prognostic factors and treatment. J Neurosurg. 1990;72(3):408–417
  12. Sutton LN, Goldwein J, Perilongo G, et al. Prognostic factors in childhood ependymomas. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1990;16(2):57–65
  13. Pollack IF, Gerszten PC, Martinez AJ, et al. Intracranial ependymomas of childhood: long-term outcome and prognostic factors. Neurosurgery. 1995;37(4):655–666[discussion 666–7]
  14. Duffner PK, Krischer JP, Sanford RA, et al. Prognostic factors in infants and very young children with intracranial ependymomas. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1998;28(4):215–222
  15. Foreman NK, Love S, Thorne R. Intracranial ependymomas: analysis of prognostic factors in a population-based series. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;24(3):119–125
  16. Salazar OM, Castro-Vita H, VanHoutte P, Rubin P, Aygun C. Improved survival in cases of intracranial ependymoma after radiation therapy. Late report and recommendations. J Neurosurg. 1983;59(4):652–659
  17. Shaw EG, Evans RG, Scheithauer BW, Ilstrup DM, Earle JD. Postoperative radiotherapy of intracranial ependymoma in pediatric and adult patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13(10):1457–1462
  18. Merchant TE, Zhu Y, Thompson SJ, Sontag MR, Heideman RL, Kun LE. Preliminary results from a phase II trial of conformal radiation therapy for pediatric patients with localised low-grade astrocytoma and ependymoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52(2):325–332
  19. Massimino M, Gandola L, Giangaspero F, et al. Hyperfractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy for childhood ependymoma: final results of the first prospective AIEOP (Associazione Italiana di Ematologia-Oncologia Pediatrica) study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58(5):1336–1345
  20. Schiffer D, Chio A, Cravioto H, et al. Ependymoma: internal correlations among pathological signs: the anaplastic variant. Neurosurgery. 1991;29(2):206–210
  21. Ross GW, Rubinstein LJ. Lack of histopathological correlation of malignant ependymomas with postoperative survival. J Neurosurg. 1989;70(1):31–36
  22. Kulkarni AB, Bouffet E, Drake JM. Ependymal tumours. In:  Walker DA,  Perilongo G,  Punt JA,  Taylor RE editor. Brain and spinal tumours of childhood. London: Arnold; 2004;p. 331–345
  23. Vinchon M, Leblond P, Noudel R, Dhellemmes P. Intracranial ependymomas in childhood: recurrence, reoperation, and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(3):221–226
  24. McLendon RE, Wiestler OD, Kros JM, Korshunov A, Ng H-K. Ependymona. In:  Louis D,  Ohgaki H,  Wiestler OD,  Cavenee WK editor. WHO classification of tumors of the nervous system. Lyon: IARC; 2007;p. 74–79
  25. Lo SS, Abdulrahman R, Desrosiers PM, et al. The role of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery in the management of unresectable gross disease or gross residual disease after surgery in ependymoma. J Neurooncol. 2006;
  26. Foreman NK, Love S, Gill S, Coakham H. Second-look surgery for incompletely resected fourth ventricle ependymomas: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:856–860
  27. Good CD, Wade AM, Hayward RD, et al. Surveillance neuroimaging in childhood intracranial ependymoma: how effective, how often, and for how long?. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(1):27–32
  28. Goldwein JW, Leahy JM, Packer RJ, et al. Intracranial ependymomas in children. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;19(6):1497–1502
  29. Chiu JK, Woo SY, Ater J, et al. Intracranial ependymoma in children: analysis of prognostic factors. J Neurooncol. 1992;13(3):283–290
  30. Comi AM, Backstrom JW, Burger PC, Duffner PK. Clinical and neuroradiologic findings in infants with intracranial ependymomas. Pediatric Oncology Group. Pediatr Neurol. 1998;18(1):23–29
  31. Chamberlain MC. Recurrent intracranial ependymoma in children: salvage therapy with oral etoposide. Pediatr Neurol. 2001;24(2):117–121
  32. Arndt CA, Krailo MD, Steinherz L, Scheithauer B, Liu-Mares W, Reaman GH. A phase II clinical trial of Idarubicin administered to children with relapsed brain tumors. Cancer. 1998;83(4):813–816
  33. Hurwitz CA, Strauss LC, Kepner J, et al. Paclitaxel for the treatment of progressive or recurrent childhood brain tumors: a pediatric oncology phase II study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001;23(5):277–281
  34. Turner CD, Gururangan S, Eastwood J, et al. Phase II study of irinotecan (CPT-11) in children with high-risk malignant brain tumors: the Duke experience. Neuro-Oncology. 2002;4(2):102–108
  35. De Sio L, Milano GM, Castellano A, et al. Temozolomide in resistant or relapsed pediatric solid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;47(1):30–36
  36. Nicholson HS, Kretschmar CS, Krailo M, et al. Phase 2 study of temozolomide in children and adolescents with recurrent central nervous system tumors: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Cancer. 2007;110(7):1542–1550
  37. Rehman S, Brock C, Newlands ES. A case report of a recurrent intracranial ependymoma treated with temozolomide in remission 10 years after completing chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2006;29(1):106–107
  38. Madden JR, Fenton LZ, Weil M, Winston KR, Partington M, Foreman NK. Experience with Tamoxifen/Etoposide in the treatment of a child with myxopapillary ependymoma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2001;37(1):67–69
  39. Ben Arush MW, Postovsky S, Goldsher D, el Hasid R, Constantini S. Clinical and radiographic response in three children with recurrent malignant cerebral tumors with high-dose Tamoxifen. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999;16(3):245–250
  40. Yoffe R, Khakoo Y, Dunkel IJ, Souweidane M, Lis E, Sklar C. Recurrent ependymoma treated with high-dose Tamoxifen in a peripubertal female: Impact on tumor and the pituitary-ovarian axis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;
  41. Grill J, Kalifa C, Doz F, et al. A high-dose busulfan-thiotepa combination followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation in childhood recurrent ependymoma. A phase-II study. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;25(1):7–12
  42. Mason WP, Goldman S, Yates AJ, Boyett J, Li H, Finlay JL. Survival following intensive chemotherapy with bone marrow reconstitution for children with recurrent intracranial ependymoma – a report of the Children’s Cancer Group. J Neurooncol. 1998;37(2):135–143
  43. Heideman RL, Packer RJ, Reaman GH, et al. A phase II evaluation of thiotepa in pediatric central nervous system malignancies. Cancer. 1993;72(1):271–275
  44. Mendrzyk F, Korshunov A, Benner A, et al. Identification of gains on 1q and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression as independent prognostic markers in intracranial ependymoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(7 Pt 1):2070–2079
  45. Ridley L, Rahman R, Brundler MA, et al. Multifactorial analysis of predictors of outcome in pediatric intracranial ependymoma. Neuro-Oncology. 2008;10(5):675–689

PII: S0959-8049(09)00216-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.03.018

European Journal of Cancer
Volume 45, Issue 10 , Pages 1815-1823 , July 2009